Should Workplace Drug Testing of Employees Be Allowed

Should Workplace Drug Testing of Employees Be Allowed Addiction Drug Use Print Should Workplace Drug Testing Be Allowed? By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on February 07, 2020 Kelvin Murray/Taxi/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Recent developments in medical technology have paved the way for workplace drug testing, to find out whether someone has recently used a drug. But should workplace drug testing of employees by their employers be allowed? Background While stereotypical drug users may be unemployed and homeless, with the inability to exert any self-control, the reality is that some of the most highly educated and respected occupations are at high risk of alcohol and drug use, including physicians, lawyers, and all manner of shift workers.?? It is becoming increasingly evident that substance users permeate all sectors of society. And the reasons for their drug use are complex, with drug use often being spurred on by unrealistic expectations by employers for workers to cope with extended stress and lengthy shifts. Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing So there are two opposing agendas at stake hereâ€"the health and safety agenda, ensuring that people in positions of responsibility are clean and sober, and the civil liberties agenda, emphasizing individual freedom, the right to privacy and protection from discrimination. Pros Workplace drug testing encourages greater responsibility among workers who may cause harm to themselves or others by working under the influence. Would be comfortable if the following professionals were working under the influence of alcohol or other drugs?The midwife delivering your babyThe pilot flying the plane youre onThe bus driver taking your child to schoolThe construction worker building your houseThe truck driver tailgating you on the highwayThe surgeon operating on you, your spouse, or your child Workplace drug testing can help identify employees in need of help with their substance use. Because people with addictions are often highly secretive and deceitful, drug testing circumvents the need for honest self-reporting, which is highly unreliable when people have a lot to lose; in this case, potentially, both their livelihood and their reputation. When proper informed consent procedures are followed, workplace drug testing acts as a deterrent to people who might otherwise experiment with, or regularly use alcohol or drugs.?? Workplace drug testing has the potential to greatly enhance health and safety in the workplace. Testing discourages people from abusing substances and thereby suffering any ill health effects and reducing the likelihood of accidents and injuries related to working under the influence.?? How Accurate Are Drug Tests? Cons Workplace drug testing is an invasion of peoples basic privacy. Taken out of context, and with all responsibility placed on the employee, drug testing at work also does not take into account the pressures that the work environment may place on employees. These pressures can include: Workplace hierarchies and bullying which drug testing could exacerbateInsufficient support for managing work-related stressLong shifts, particularly those requiring disruption to normal sleep cycles Drug testing at work could fail to take into account the mental health problems of people with addictions. Rather than being offered the appropriate treatment, people who test positive on drug tests are at risk of being fired without compensation and may be ineligible for welfare or other social assistance. This will create or compound a marginalized underclass of disenfranchised citizens who have even less incentive to quit their addiction. When a persons entire livelihood, reputation, and future rests on the outcome of a drug test, its imperative that test results are accurate. Employees need to be able to defend a positive test, which might be accounted for by other factors such as a pot-smoking roommate, a spiked drink, a poppy-seed bagel, or a prescription or over-the-counter medication. Workplace drug testing should be a justifiable course of action rather than a routine screen used to discriminate against alcohol or drug-using employees. Although employers may have value judgments about the use of alcohol and drugs, as long as they are not being consumed on the premises, employees are not coming to work under the influence, or alcohol or drug use is interfering with the completion of work, alcohol and drug use is part of the employees private life. Resolution There is no denying that workplace drug testing offers an objective and generally accurate way to establish the truth of someones drug use. In situations where the employee has a responsibility for the safety and/or welfare of others, and the employer has a responsibility to ensure the employees competence, there is a strong argument for workplace drug testing being carried out.?? However, if workplace drug testing is to be carried out, there are some basic ethical principles that need to be in place to avoid violation of the rights of the employee. These include, but are not limited to: Informed consent.  The employee needs to know, ideally prior to taking the job, that abstinence is an expectation, and the workplace drug testing is planned.Confidentiality.  The employees privacy must be respected, including whether workplace drug testing has taken place as well as the result and consequences.Reasonable expectations.  Employees ability to cope with stressful work experiences, such as exposure to traumatic or stressful events, such as caring for sick and dying people, large numbers of difficult clients, extended screen time, and excessively lengthy or changeable shifts, should be assessed.Defending a positive test. Repeat tests  should be conducted when a workplace drug test is positive, and employees should be given the opportunity to explain a positive drug test result.Getting help. Provision of  addiction counseling and/or rehab  should be offered in positive drug test cases.??Support. For example, in  transitioning to more suitable employment  if appropriate.Just ification. There should be  a clear  justification  of the relevance of workplace drug testing to the situation. It is a different issue entirely for an employer to test an employee when their drug use has no relevance to their job or responsibilities. In conclusion, drug testing in the workplace should ideally be used to enhance the health and safety of employees and those receiving services.?? They should not be used to further marginalize drug users, by cutting off their access to employment or social welfare. People with positive results must be treated with dignity and respect, and be supported rather than shamed; this is the only way we will avoid the misuse of workplace drug testing to discriminate. That will further establish an underclass of poverty, homelessness, unemployment, criminality, and substance abuse among those found to have positive results. How Workplace Drug Testing Works

Ludwig Van Beethoven A Traumatic Childhood - 2468 Words

Beethoven had a traumatic childhood, even if he grew up surrounded by music. Ludwig van Beethoven was born around December 16, 1770 and baptized on December 17 in Bonn, located in the now-nonexistent Electorate of Cologne (â€Å"Ludwig van Beethoven†). His parents, Johann van Beethoven and Maria Magdalena van Beethoven, had to bury two children before Ludwig and celebrated his successful birth. Maria bore Johann two more sons after Ludwig: Caspar Carl, born in 1774 and Nickolaus Johann, born in 1776 (â€Å"Ludwig van Beethoven†). Johann van Beethoven worked as a court singer on the staff of the Elector of Cologne. Johann’s father, Ludwig van Beethoven, worked as Kappelmeister of the Elector of Cologne and became known as the best musician in Bonn.†¦show more content†¦He played well for his recital yet did not obtain any press for it. Around this same time, he attended a Latin school named Tirocinium (â€Å"Ludwig van Beethoven†). The students at Tirocinium thought that he did not have a mother on account of his messy clothing and attitude. Many years later, one classmate stated that: â€Å"Not a sign was to be discovered†¦of that spark of genius which glowed so brilliantly in him afterwards.† Around 1780, Christian Gottlob Neefe, a Court Organist for the Elector of Cologne, began giving lessons to Beethoven. He later wrote, anonymous in Cramer’s Magazin de Musik: â€Å"He plays the clavier very skillfully and with power and reads at sight very well†¦This youthful genius is deserving of help to enable him to travel. He would surely become a second Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were he to continue as he has begun† (Morris, 19-22 Suchet, â€Å"1770†). Around the year 1784, Beethoven’s struggles began when his father became an extreme alcoholic, which lost Johann his job with the Court (â€Å"Ludwig van Beethoven†). Beethoven stepped into his place as the Assistant Court Organist and became the leader of his household. By June of 1784, he began a payment from the court. Neefe, his old instructor, played alongside him as organist. With the job he held, he took a leave of absence from making his own music, or so it seemed. Between 1785 and 1789, Beethoven wrote and publishedShow MoreRelatedLudwig Van Beethoven Left Behind A Legacy Of Musical Pieces2581 Words   |  11 Pagesmusic, Ludwig van Beethoven left behind a legacy of musical pieces. Though Beethoven’s works spread throughout the globe, not many truly know what happened in his private life. Not only was he raised by an alcoholic father, but he also did not have a successful romantic life and even became deaf later in life. Beethoven, a musical prodigy, wr ote hundreds of pieces of music and astounded the ears of mankind, yet lived a sorrowful life behind the scenes. Beethoven lived a traumatic childhood, evenRead MoreA Child Is Having A Problem Reading Even After Lots Of1617 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Dyslexia does not only mean difficulties with reading and spelling. Now, it is understood that dyslexia covers a broad range of things, including visual and auditory processing and memory capacity. It can be very hard to identify these difficulties in childhood, as children naturally develop coping strategies to circumvent problems†. Olds S. (2016) The two kinds of dyslexia are developmental dyslexia and acquired dyslexia. Developmental dyslexia means the child has a neurological condition that causes the

Dialectic Journal of the poems Beowulf, Grendel,...

Sea against sand; they stowed away In the hold of the ship their shining armor... Will the seamen that sailed her sighted the land Shining cliffs and coastwise hills, (p14, ln 74-83) The use of consonance here repeats the sound of the wind. Beowulf and his men are going to go save the Danes. They must cross the sea and the wind acts very favorable and leads them to the way. The s sound imitates the sound of a swift and light wind, not a treacherous gust. Foam on her breast, like a bird she flew; (p 14, ln79) This quote uses personification and smile. The author personifies the ship calling it a she. One refers to ships often as female, but it also gives the ship qualities of tender and nurture. The ship guides them the right†¦show more content†¦He realizes that no one can hurt him. Now that he knows that, he kills more often simply for sport. This turns him from misunderstood to a monster. This also isolates him even further. Not only can he not communicate with anyone, but also now that no one can hurt him, he nothing affects him. He is isolated. The room goes suddenly white, as if struck by lightening. I stare down, amazed. He has torn off my arm at the shoulder! Blood pours down where the limb was. (p172) Grendels tragic downfall of his death by Beowulf is cause by his self-belief. He believes no one can hurt him so he approaches Beowulf instead of running away. If he was aware of Beowulf, and realized that he was not like the other men, and instead of thinking, nothing can hurt him, he might have survived. The Snow Man And have been cold a long time To behold the junipers shagged with ice, The spruces rough in the distant glitter(ln 4-6) Enjambment in the poem sets the mood. The mood is that as of a snowfall, quiet cold, settled and slow. The poem does not need to rush its thoughts into a sentence or a stanza. By separating the thoughts into different lines and stanzas forces the reader to read slowly as that of a snowfall. The reader reads the poem peacefully, which depicts the images of a peaceful snow, covered forest. Of any misery in the sound of the wind In the sound of a few leaves, which is the sound of the land Full of the same wind What is blowing in

Elizabeth I Versus the Stuart Monarchs Free Essays

Elizabeth I versus the Stuart Monarchs Kayla Christie 3rd Block The difference between Elizabeth I and the Stuart monarchs defines the way they ruled and their actions. When comparing Elizabeth I and the Stuart monarchs, one should take in factors such as each individual’s personality, religious views, and views on parliament. Elizabeth I was intelligent, and wanted religious unity in her country. We will write a custom essay sample on Elizabeth I Versus the Stuart Monarchs or any similar topic only for you Order Now She also believed that parliament was essential during her reign. The Stuart monarchs such as James I, James II, Charles I, and Charles II were not so intelligent, and wanted a definite religion whether it is Catholicism or Arminianism. The Stuarts also wanted to enhance their authority at the expense of losing parliament. Elizabeth I was intelligent, and would work to keep her reign. In Elizabeth’s speech to the troops before the battle of the Armada she states â€Å"†¦Spain, or any prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm†¦ I myself will take up arms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elizabeth clearly says that she would fight for her country. Being intelligent, she exercised frugality in the expenses of the government and increasing taxation, which showed a sign of a strong and efficient state. She wanted to achieve religious harmony. On the other hand, the Stuarts were stubborn. They refused to extend religious toleration. Like his father, Charles I believed in the Divine Right of Kings (that he was answerable to God alone and could not be tried by any court), and he upset the Scottish citizens of his country, many of whom were Puritans, by insisting that they follow the same religion as his English subjects. The result was the two wars that ruined England’s financial state and that would lead to the civil war and his execution. How to cite Elizabeth I Versus the Stuart Monarchs, Papers

Social Realism Film Review an Example of the Topic Film Essays by

Social Realism Film Review Whoever said that art for art sake is enough should think twice.Even in the earlier centuries, art has played a very vital role in arousing social consciousness. Art has been used to express contention over repressive social phenomena. Works of art which depict social issues are more likely to be appreciated than those which are mere expression of the artists personal interests.In the United States, during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the American Scene Painters became known for its works depicting social realism. These social realists are into exposing the social troubles of the urban lower class. With no doubt, we can consider art not just a form of personal emotions but as a great expression of the depressions of the society that we are in.Social realism could be furthered defined as the representation of the struggles of the working classes and the urban poor. Social realist artists basically give chance the voices of the oppressed sectors of the society to be heard. Need essay sample on "Social Realism Film Review" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Usually Tell EssayLab support: I don't want to write my paper. Because I don't have the time Specialists suggest: Rely On Our Help In Essay Writing Papers For Sale Write Essays Online Cheap Essay Writing 24 Writing Services Among the forms of arts that are most likely associated with social realism is film making. Given the flexibility given when making a film, the social realism aspect would not come in a hard way. In a nutshell, social realism is simply the documentation of the society.And one of the interesting movies ever made that depict social realism is the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. We have heard of movies being praised due to its form, content, and context. But it is a different thing when the movie being praised have garnered the Motion Picture Academy Awards for best picture, best actress, best actor, best script, and best director, there must be something that the critics must dwell into. If a movie like One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest got the numerous awards, it must be an excellent work of art. First shown in 1975, the film was directed by Czech Milos Forman. The movie is basically as allegory kind of film that used a genuine mental hospital as the setting (Oregon State Hospital in Salem, Oregon).The mental hospital depicted a flamboyant, rebellious, and anti-hero guy who is against the status-quo and the institution itself.One interesting thing about the script is that the mental hospital is actually a representation of the Soviet Union.The film fits the definition of the social realist form of art which presents a social reality. This independently-produced film had an enormous profit which tolled to $300 million worldwide.It was also succeeded in sweeping the Oscars Awards by bagging the Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actress, and Best Actor. Aside from those, the film also bagged a string of awards given by other distinguished award giving bodies. It is not actually questionable why the movie bagged so many awards. From the cinematography up to the lighting, the movie is indeed superb.With its lighting director, Chris Davey, the content of the film was justified because of the excellent lighting direction. The bleeping control sole indeed gave the movie an excellent appearance on the film screen. Especially the scene when red lights were present while overhead forks of electricity buzzed magnificently. The editing also deserves to be praised for the reaction shots, I guess, were carefully chosen. The camera angles were also defined and well-planned. They were chosen to reveal and expose the facial expressions of the characters to supplement the excellent script of the film.The camera angles in a film, perhaps, are one of the most neglected element or part of doing a film. More often than not, we are catered films with poor chosen camera angles and scene shots. The camera angle plays a very crucial role in giving justice to the content of the film. No matter now interesting the plot of the movie may be, if the camera angles are not chosen properly, the film will most likely not appear at its optimum being. Since Robert Berssons Responding to Art: Form, Content, and Context gave some knowledge on the proper way of looking into the forms of art, I appreciated the film even more.One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest may be used as an excellent standard of the social realist film that are made. Every gesture or dialogue line to be included in a film serves as a gateway for a larger depiction of the subject. Bresson stressed the importance of these elements which seem to be considered as minor by some film makers. Meanwhile, Bresson stressed that the actors and actresses, dictated by the written script would always be considered as superficial. After all, they are just acting, Bresson added. In shooting a film, the script or the story should not be confined within their genuine personality. A film must discover another aspect that the actors and actresses are made of. This is done to attain the heart of the heart.One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is indeed a documentation of the society. Along with the basic elements of making a film, the film depicted a highly-important issue that hounds the society during its first release. Also evident in the film is the direction made by Milos Forman. The actors and actresses were fully motivated. The motivation done to Jack Nicholson for his very challenging role deserves also to be praised. The shifting of the scenes also provided smooth transitions that lead the audience to expect a brilliant sequencing. The combination of scenes played an important part on the audiences appreciation of the film.One thing that should also be noted with the film is the musical scoring. Music is a basic element of a movie that should not be taken for granted. We know that music can add up to the emotions or mood that the film is trying to establish. The musical scoring of the movie is also superb. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is one film that I know that will always be relevant to the society. Although it was made in the 1970s, the essence of the story is not different from what has happened after the release of the film.Film makers should make movies which are as important and as superb as One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Not only that it offers superb technical characteristics but because it offers a plot that would arouse of social being.Some film makers of today are becoming reluctant of doing films which are social realist in nature. It is not surprising because some prefer a film that is light that they think would garner more profit; those that will not alienate the viewers. But then, it is not impossible to combine social realism and popular cinema; film history tells us that viewers prefer substantive films which can offer them some ideals with sense. We have seen a number of social realist films that were released even in the earliest decades. Some have an excellent story but failed in the technical characteristic of the film like lighting, musical scoring, and cinematography, among others. Overall, the film is gem in the movie industry. It does not only reflect the situation of the Soviet Union during that time but also the issues which hound the different countries that its viewers belong. This film justifies that a work of art should not only come out because of mere expression of the artists personal interests. It is better to produce art works which are relevant to the viewers and to the society as a whole. The viewers will be moved in this way because they could readily relate with it. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest will always be a yardstick with an excellent cinematography and other elements of a movie.This movie is indeed a must-see. References: "Art History: Social Realism." World Wide Arts Sources, 2006. "Social Realism Vs. Socialist Realism." Hunt for Images, 2007. Bersson, Robert. Responding to Art: Form, Content, and Context. McGraw-Hill, 2003. One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. 1998, September 28. Marshment, Julia Hallam and Margaret. Realism and Popular Cinema Manchester University Press, 2000.

Comparative Economic System Example

Comparative Economic System Example Comparative Economic System – Term Paper Example A comparative analysis of the economic systems of South Korea and North Korea reveal that despite their commonly shared cultural heritage these economies differ considerably in terms of their population rate, unemployment rate, GDP, balance of trade and inflation rates. A qualitative research methodology is employed for the purpose of this comparative analysis wherein the literature review analyses available journals, government websites and articles. Comparisons among the major parameters of population, unemployment, GDP, balance of trade and inflation rate between the two economies are essential to identify whether the insights gained from the literature review confirm the findings of the data analysis. Qualitative data from the available literature underline that the economic system of South Korea is more stable than that of North Korea. The South Korean economy is characterized by stable economic growth in terms of its increasing GDP rate, growth of industrialization, and the nat ion rightly could become a member of the trillion dollar club of the world economies in 2004. On the other hand, the North Korean economy is surrounded by serious economic problems that have adversely affected its economic system. The current study shows that while South Korea is capable of managing its rapidly aging population through economic stability the increasing North Korean population may continue to suffer from poor living standards and malnutrition. Similarly, the results of the study show decreasing unemployment rates in South Korea whereas the higher unemployment rate of North Korea throws light on the absence of employment opportunities in the economy. The stable GDP rates, low inflation rate, trade surplus and low unemployment rate of South Korea stand in contrast to the decreased GDP rate, trade deficit and poor standard of living in North Korea. The findings of the study thus emphasize on the growing need for industrialization and foreign investment in the North Kore an economy.

Biography of Alice Paul, Womens Suffrage Activist

Biography of Alice Paul, Women's Suffrage Activist Alice Paul (January 11, 1885–July 9, 1977) was a leading figure responsible for the final push and success in winning passage of the 19th Amendment (womens suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution. She is identified with the more radical wing of the womens suffrage movement that later developed. Fast Facts: Alice Paul Known For: Alice Paul was one of the leaders of the womens suffrage movement and continued to work for womens rights throughout the first half of the 20th centuryBorn: January 11, 1885 in Mount Laurel, New JerseyParents: Tacie Parry and William PaulDied: July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New JerseyEducation: Bachelors Degree from Swarthmore University; Masters Degree from Columbia University; Ph.D.  from the University of Pennsylvania; Law Degree from American UniversityPublished Works: Equal Rights AmendmentAwards and Honors:  Posthumously inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in and the New Jersey Hall of Fame; had stamps and coins created in her imageNotable Quote: There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it. Early Life Alice Paul was born in Moorestown, New Jersey, in 1885. Her parents raised her and her three younger siblings as Quakers. Her father, William M. Paul, was a successful businessman, and her mother, Tacie Parry Paul, was active in the Quaker (Society of Friends) movement.  Tacie Paul was a descendant of William Penn and William Paul was a descendant of the Winthrop family, both early leaders in Massachusetts.  William Paul died when Alice was 16 years old, and a more conservative male relative, asserting leadership in the family, caused some tensions with the familys more liberal and tolerant ideas. Alice Paul  attended Swarthmore College, the same institution her mother had attended as one of the first women educated there.  She majored in biology at first but developed an interest in social sciences.  Paul then went to work at the New York College Settlement, while attending the New York School of Social Work for a year after graduating from Swarthmore in 1905.   Alice Paul left for England in 1906 to work in the settlement house movement for three years. She studied first at a Quaker school and then at the University of Birmingham. While in England, Paul was exposed to the suffragist movement in progress, which had a profound impact on her direction in life. She  returned to America to get her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (1912).  Her dissertation was on womens legal status. Alice Paul and the National Womans Party In England, Alice Paul had taken part in more radical protests for womens suffrage, including participating in the hunger strikes. She worked with the Womens Social and Political Union. She brought back this sense of militancy, and back in the U.S. she organized protests and rallies and was imprisoned three times. Alice Paul joined and became chair of a major committee (congressional) of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) within a year, in her mid-20s. A year later in 1913, however, Alice Paul and others withdrew from the NAWSA to form the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Paul and her supporters believed that the NAWSA was too conservative and that a more radical approach was needed to push forward the agenda of womens suffrage. Pauls new organization evolved into the National Womans Party (NWP), and Alice Pauls leadership was key to this organizations founding and future. Alice Paul and the National Womans Party emphasized working for a federal constitutional amendment for suffrage. Their position was at odds with the position of the NAWSA, headed by Carrie Chapman Catt, which was to work state-by-state as well as at the federal level. Despite the often intense acrimony between the National Womans Party and the National American Woman Suffrage Association, the two groups tactics complemented each other.  NAWSAs taking more deliberate action to win suffrage in elections meant that more politicians at the federal level had a stake in keeping women voters happy. The NWPs militant stance kept the issue of womens suffrage at the forefront of the political world. Winning Womens Suffrage Alice Paul, as the leader of the NWP, took her cause to the streets. Following the same approach as her English compatriots, she put together pickets, parades, and marches, including a very large event in Washington, DC, on March 3, 1913. Eight thousand women marched down Pennsylvania Avenue with banners and floats, cheered and jeered by tens of thousands of onlookers. Just two weeks later, Pauls group met with newly-elected President Woodrow Wilson, who told them that their time had not yet come. In response, the group embarked on an 18-month period of picketing, lobbying, and demonstrations. More than 1,000 women stood at the gates of the White House each day, displaying signs as the silent sentinels. The result was that many of the picketers were arrested and jailed for months. Paul arranged a hunger strike, which led to intense publicity for her cause. In 1928, Woodrow Wilson succumbed and announced his support for womens votes. Two years later, womens suffrage was the law. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) After the 1920 victory for the federal amendment, Paul became involved in the struggle to introduce and pass an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The Equal Rights Amendment was finally passed by Congress in 1970 and sent to the states to ratify. However, the number of states necessary never ratified  the ERA within the specified time limit, and the amendment failed. Paul continued her work into her later years, earning a law degree in 1922 at Washington College, and then going on to earn a Ph.D. in law at American University. Death Alice Paul died in 1977 in New Jersey, after the heated battle for the Equal Rights Amendment brought her once more to the forefront of the American political scene. Legacy Alice Paul was one of the primary forces behind the passage of the 19th Amendment, a major and lasting achievement. Her influence continues today through the Alice Paul Institute, which states on its website: The Alice Paul Institute educates the public about the life and work of Alice Stokes Paul (1885-1977), and offers heritage and girls’ leadership development programs at Paulsdale, her home and a National Historic Landmark. Alice Paul led the final fight to get women the vote and wrote the Equal Rights Amendment. We honor her legacy as a role model of leadership in the continuing quest for equality. Sources Alicepaul.org, Alice Paul Institute. Butler, Amy E. Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921-1929. State University of New York Press, 2002. Lunardini, Christine A. From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Womans Party, 1910-1928. American Social Experience, iUniverse, April 1, 2000.